10/31/2026
Journal of Shelter Medicine and Community Animal Health, October, 2026
Distribution of length of stay and its variation by calendar period in animal shelters: Cumulative incidence of outcome types by calendar period in Orange County, California
https://jsmcah.org/index.php/jasv/article/view/185
Excerpt [the “C” in pre-C, early-C, late-C refers to the COVID-19 pandemic]:
OC was a very accomplished shelter pre-COVID, having moved to modern facilities in early 2018. In early-C, the configuration of county policies resulted in slow adoptions for longer resident dogs and an increased reliance on transfers. This was manageable in the favorable early-C environment: There were substantially lower intakes, high demand for adoptions (which got the fast and intermediate track dogs out quickly), and high capacity in rescue organizations, including fosters who were working from home. As a result, the census count remained within capacity, and the live release rate dropped only slightly.
But in late-C the environment was less favorable. Though intakes remained below pre-C levels, they rose relative to early-C. Rescues were saturated and had less capacity once some workers returned to their workplaces. In this environment, the COVID-era policies led to further accumulation of long residents and dramatically higher census counts. By October 2023 (i.e., a period subsequent to the late-C period studied here), some dogs were housed in temporary trailers in a back parking lot. Dogs with longer stays were facing worse outcomes.
A nearby fire on November 7, 2023, motivated national organizations to transfer approximately 100 dogs out of the shelter and community members to assist with adoptions and fostering. From 313 dogs in care on November 6; only 153 remained on November 30. This alleviated overcrowding and allowed programmatic improvements. In 2024-2025, the gradual restoration of visitor access, staffing levels, and volunteering averted the reoccurrence of the 2022-2023 impasse.
Introduction Length of stay (LOS) impacts shelter operations and individual animal welfare1,2. At steady state, the mean census count is the product of mean LOS and main daily intakes or outcomes. For a given shelter, LOS may change across calendar periods3. For a given period, LOS may differ from s...