06/19/2026
When we think about reactive dogs, we often focus on the trigger itself: the dog, the unfamiliar person, the bicycle, or the noise. However, there is another important factor that is often overlooked: owner-directed social referencing.
Social referencing is a normal behaviour seen in both humans and dogs. When a dog encounters something they are uncertain about, they will often look to a trusted person for information. In simple terms, they are asking, "How should I feel about this?" Their owner's body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, and perhaps most importantly, where they direct their attention and gaze, can all provide information that helps the dog interpret the situation.
Many reactive dogs become remarkably skilled at reading their owners. They may notice a trigger, immediately glance back at their handler, and then make a decision based partly on the information they receive. If the owner tenses up, shortens the lead, holds their breath, or fixates on the trigger, the dog may interpret this as confirmation that there is something to be concerned about. This does not create the reactivity, but it can strengthen the dog's belief that the trigger is significant or threatening.
Importantly, this is not about blaming owners. Most people become anxious because they are trying to prevent a reaction, or because they have experienced difficult situations before. In fact, this phenomenon helps explain why some dogs appear calmer with one family member than another. The dog's feelings about the trigger may be similar, but the information they receive from the person holding the lead can be very different.
The encouraging news is that social referencing can also be used to help reactive dogs. When handlers remain calm, move naturally, and avoid fixating on the trigger themselves, they can communicate valuable information to the dog. Something as simple as not staring at the trigger can reduce its perceived importance. Over time, many dogs learn that if their trusted person is relaxed, there may be less reason to worry. In this way, owners can become an active part of helping their dog feel safer and more confident in challenging situations.