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06/10/2020

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_____________Skin disease (Part 5)____________

____________Photosensitization_______________

Photosensitization is a condition in which areas of skin exposed to light and lacking sufficient protective hair, wool or pigmentation, are very sensitive to sunlight due to the presence of chemicals called photodynamic agents.

Photodynamic agents (or photosensitizing substances) are activated by light, and may either be in something the animal eats (and cause primary photosensitization) or be formed in the animal's body due to faulty excretion through the liver (and cause secondary photosensitization).

Many chemicals, including some that are fungal and bacterial in origin, may act as photosensitizing agents. However, most are from plants.

Lets see common parts of photosensitization.

1️⃣Primary photosensitization
2️⃣Secondary photosensitization

1️⃣Primary photosensitization

occurs when the photodynamic agent is absorbed either through the skin or the gastrointestinal tract unchanged, and reaches the skin in its original form. Livestock are usually affected within a few days of eating the plant when it is lush and green and growing rapidly. In most cases the plant responsible must be eaten in large amounts and is usually the dominant plant in the pasture.

Examples of causing primary photosensitization Include
1️⃣ phenothiazine,
2️⃣sulphonamides, and
3️⃣tetracyclines have induced primary photosensitization.

2️⃣Secondary photosensitization

is by far the most common form seen in livestock. The photosensitizing agent is in all cases phylloerythrin which is a normal end-product of plant chlorophyll excreted by the liver. When the liver is not functioning properly and fails to excrete it, pylloreythrin accumulates in the blood and may reach levels in the skin which make it sensitive to light.

Signs of photosensitization

1️⃣The skin wounds are most common in those areas exposed to solar rays, such as the back, the flanks, nose, the v***a and the teats.

2️⃣Often the first sign is a cow stamping her feet in discomfort. The teats appear reddish and are very tender. The muzzle and v***a may appear to be swollen and peeling.

3️⃣Affected animals seek shade and may rub the affected parts on bushes and posts.

4️⃣With time the affected skin dies, dries and peels off. It should never be pulled off.

5️⃣If there is severe liver damage the mucous membranes may sometimes become yellow.

Prevention - Control - Treatment

1️⃣General treatment includes immediate removal from direct sunlight, removal from the paddock in which the animals have been grazing and the administration of laxatives such as liquid paraffin to eliminate toxic materials already eaten.

2️⃣Some plants are only poisonous at certain times and the pasture may be safe to return to later in the year.

3️⃣Remove known poisonous plants in pastures by digging or burning out.

right by .

06/10/2020

𝐕𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲____________________ 𝐃𝐕𝐌 𝐆𝐄𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐄

𝐃𝐫𝐮𝐠 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 (19)

𝐃𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐞
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𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Dexasone functions similarly to prednisolone, having anti-inflammatory therapeutic action and hormonal and metabolic effects. Dexasone may be used as a supportive therapy in inflammatory conditions such as
☝️arthritic conditions,
☝️snake bites,
☝️acute mastitis,
☝️shipping fever,
☝️pneumonia,
☝️laminitis and
☝️retained placenta.
☝️anti-inflammatory,
☝️anti-shock,
☝️anti-allergic, and
☝️immunosuppressive action.
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𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (Summarized)

Dexamethasone Inj. is indicated for
☝️allergic reactions,
☝️myoglobinuria,
☝️toxinaemia,
☝️shock,
☝️stress and
☝️urticaria.
☝️Local treatment of arthritis,
☝️bursitis,
☝️distortions,
☝️peri-arthritis,
☝️tendinitis and
☝️tendovaginitis.
Always combine with antibiotics in case of a bacterial infection.
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𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Do not administer to animals with
☝️Diabetes Mellitus,
☝️osteoporosis, an
☝️impaired heart or kidney function.
☝️Do not inject during the last (third) part of gestation (abortion).
☝️Retardation of wound healing,
☝️muscle atrophy and
☝️myopathy,
☝️skin-atrophy,
☝️changes in blood cell formation and
☝️degradation, adrenal dysfunctions, risks for super-infections, not for treatment of viral and fungal infections.
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𝐒𝐢𝐝𝐞-𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭

☝️Polydipsia,
☝️poly-uraemia,
☝️poly-phagia,
☝️immunosuppression,
☝️muscle atrophy,
☝️delayed wound healing,
☝️influences fat metabolism.

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𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐫𝐮𝐠𝐬.

The immune response to vaccination may be reduced when corticosteroids are given at the same time.

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𝐃𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐝𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

For intramuscular or intravenous injection.

✔Horses, cattle : 5 – 15 ml per animal.

✔Calves, foals, sheep, goats, pigs : 1 – 2.5 ml per animal.

✔Cats, dogs : 0.1 – 1 ml per 10 kg bodyweight.

Higher dosing and repeat treatment only on advice of your veterinarian.
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𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝

Meat : 8 days
Milk : 3 days

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DVM GEELLE.

06/10/2020

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Poultry disease (1).

(Newcastle disease)
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Host: Chicken
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Order/Family: Paramyxoviridae: Avulavirus
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Other Names:
✔Avian Pneumoencephalitis,
✔Ranikhet Disease,
✔Avian Distemper,
✔Exotic Or Velogenic Newcastle Disease
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Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects both domestic and wild birds worldwide.
Newcastle disease is a devastating malady in unvaccinated chickens of any age. This paramyxo virus is infecting most birds by contact or faeces.
The severity of symptoms may vary greatly in different species but dependents as well on the virus strain. So infection can be spread by migrating wild birds and affect unprotected chicken.
This often results in high mortality (up to 95%)
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Hosts:

Many species of birds, both domestic and wild. The mortality and morbidity rates vary among species, and with the strain of virus. Chickens are the most susceptible poultry, ducks and geese are the least susceptible poultry.
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Transmission:

Transmission is by direct contact with secretions, especially faeces, from infected birds or by contaminated feed, water, implements, premises, human clothing, etc.
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Signs.

Respiratory and/or nervous signs:

✔gasping and coughing
✔drooping wings,
✔dragging legs,
✔twisting of the head and neck,
✔circling,
✔depression,
✔inappetence,
✔complete paralysis
✔Partial or complete cessation of egg production
✔Eggs are misshapen,
✔rough-shelled,
✔thin-shelled and contain watery albumen
✔Greenish watery diarrhoea
✔Swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck.
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Virulence

NDV strains were originally classified into three virulence groups by chicken embryo inoculation as virulent

✔ (velogenic),
✔ (mesogenic),
✔ (lentogenic). For regulatory purposes,

this classification system was modified so that velogenic and mesogenic viruses are now classified as virulent NDV, the cause of ND, and lentogenic viruses are the low virulence NDV that is used in the manufacturing of the vaccines. The most severe strain of the virus is called viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND), which is often referred to as 'Exotic Newcastle Disease'.
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Incupation period.

The period between infection and the appearance of the first clinical signs of disease is generally between two and six days, but can be up to 15 to 21 days. It spreads rapidly through a flock. Incidents have occurred in severe virus strains, where the majority of the flock dies within 72 hours of infection, without showing any prior signs of disease.
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Prevention - Control - Treatment

There is no treatment for the disease once it occurs. Diseased birds have to be killed in a humane way and disposed off properly.

Disease can be prevented by sanitary methods such as:

✔Isolation of outbreaks
✔Avoid contact with birds of which you do not know their health status
✔One age group per farm breeding is recommended ('all in all out')
✔Dispose properly of dead birds
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Medical prophylaxis:

Vaccination with live and/or oil emulsion vaccines can markedly reduce the losses in poultry flocks
Live B1 and La Sota strains are administrated in drinking water or as a coarse spray. Sometimes administered in nose or eyes. Healthy chickens may be vaccinated as early as day 14 of life, but delaying vaccination until the second or third week increases its efficiency
Some other infections (e.g. Mycoplasma) may aggravate the vaccine reaction. Killed virus vaccine should then be used.
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DVM GEELLE

06/10/2020

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Poultry disease part (3)
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3. Infectious Coryza
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Synonyms
Infectious Coryza is also known as
✔fowl coryza,
✔roup,
✔contagious or infectious catarrh and ✔umcomplicated coryza.
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Introduction

Infectious Coryza is an infection of chickens

it has been under diagnosed or mistakenly diagnosed as Mycoplasma gallisepticum for which there is a simple blood test. However, combination infections with both organisms would be expected to cause more severe clinical signs.
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Etiology

Avibacterium paragallinarum formerly known ✔Haempholius paragallinarum.
This is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non -spore forming, rod or coccobacilli shaped bacterium.
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Host
Only chickens but it can cause disease in all ages of bird. It is more severe in older birds. It has not been possible to experimentally infect, ducks, pigeons or turkeys.

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Transmission
✔This is a highly contagious infection that spreads horizontally from bird to bird,

✔It is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.

✔The primary source of infection is respiratory exudates from either clinically affected or carrier birds.

✔Infection from drinking water contaminated with a few bacteria or as an aerosol over short distances is possible.

✔Vertical transmission does not occur.

✔Mechanical spread of infection in respiratory exudates may also occur.

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Clinical signs
The disease has a
✔short incubation period, 1 – 3 days,
✔and will spread rapidly through a flock of susceptible birds in 7 to 10 days.

The initial signs will include
✔watery discharges (seromucoid) from the nostril and eyes with
✔swelling of the face with a marked morbidity in the flock but low mortality. ✔Conjunctivitis,
✔closed eyes,
✔open mouthed breathing,
✔lethargy and drops in feed and water consumption.
This can result in egg production drops,
✔failure to grow and in the presence of secondary infections severe mortality.
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Pathology

✔Subcutaneous oedema of the face and wattles,
✔inflammation of the nasal passage, ✔infraorbital sinus and conjunctiva with excess catarrhal to fibrinopurulent mucus. When secondary complications are present, there may be a
✔tracheitis progressing to airsacculitis and pnuemonia.

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Differential diagnoses

✔Avian metapneumovirus (ART),
✔Infectious Bronchitis (IBV) with secondary E.coli,
✔Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT), ✔Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg),
✔virulent E.coli and
✔subcutaneous infections following mechanical damage following fighting or mating.
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Treatment

Antibiotic treatment, e.g.
✔doxycycline and
✔fluroquinolones, can alleviate the worst of the clinical signs but will not eliminate infection from the flock. Return to nornal egg production takes longer than clinical recovery following treatment.
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06/10/2020

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Drug number (20)

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Description

Xylazine has sedative, analgesic and muscle-relaxing properties.
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Indications

All cases where sedation is needed, e.g. during transport, parturition, hoof treatment,

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(Not more but if the animal is very aggressive during transport, parturition , hoof trimming. but in other hand if the animal is not aggressive at that time i am not recommended to use it)

small operations (e.g. dehorning), and as a pre-anaesthetic for larger operations (caesarian section).
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Contra indications

Administration during
⚜gestation or to
⚜animals with pulmonary and/or cardiac diseases.
Administration to animals with
⚜pyometra, since these animals are often hypersensitive to xylazine preparations.
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Side effects

Decreased heart and respiratory rate.
Hypersalivation and vomiting.
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Dosage

Cattle : for intramuscular administration.
dose 1 : 0.25 ml per 100 kg body weight; sedation, small operations.
dose 2 : 0.5 ml per 100 kg body weight; small operations. Animals usually remain standing.
dose 3 : 1 ml per 100 kg body weight; larger operations. Animals lie down.
dose 4 : 1.5 ml per 100 kg body weight; very extensive operations.

Animals have to fast for a couple of hours before administration.
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Horses:

4 ml per 100 kg body weight for intravenous administration, or 10 ml per 100 kg body weight for intramuscular administration. With larger operations preferably in combination with other preparations, e.g. intravenous 4 ml per 100 kg body weight and halothane or fluothane as intubation narcosis.
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Sheep:

0.15 ml per 10 kg body weight for intramuscular administration.
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Dogs:

0.15 ml per kg body weight for intramuscular or intravenous administration. In combination with ketamine: 0.1 ml per kg body weightand 6 - 10 mg ketamine per kg body weight.
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Cats:

0.15 ml per kg body weight for intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. In combination with ketamine: 0.1 ml per kg body weight and 6 - 10 mg ketamine per kg body weight.

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Every dose depends
⚜Body weight
⚜Condition of animal
⚜Kind of surgery.

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Withdrawal times
- For meat : 0 days. while others say : 5 days
- For milk : 0 days. while others say : 4 days
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05/10/2020