01/05/2026
Balancing pressure and reward...should we rethink reinforcement in horse training?
Equine industry stakeholders have raised concerns about training practices that may affect the welfare of domestic horses. Many common training methods are based on tradition and may not always align with current understanding of equine behaviour, cognition, and natural needs.
At a time when equestrianism’s social licence is under increasing scrutiny, it is important to review what is known about behaviour modification in horses and identify gaps in the evidence.
Unlike training in many other animal species, horse training largely relies on negative reinforcement (NR), where a behaviour increases because an aversive stimulus (such as pressure) is removed. In practice, this typically involves pressure-release cues, where pressure is applied and released when the horse performs the desired behaviour.
Positive reinforcement (PR), where a desirable stimulus is added to increase the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again, offers several advantages in animal training. This has led to interest in whether combining PR and NR could offer the benefits of reward-based training while still accommodating the practical realities of riding.
This review examines the current evidence on combined reinforcement in horse training and compares it with approaches based solely on positive or negative reinforcement.
The authors highlight inconsistencies in how different types of reinforcement are described in the literature. In some cases, studies described as using positive reinforcement also include elements of negative reinforcement, which can make results difficult to interpret.
As a result, understanding of combined reinforcement remains limited, and further research is needed to clarify how reward-based approaches can be effectively incorporated into horse training, including during ridden work.
A key limitation is the small and inconsistent evidence base, with limited equine-specific studies.
You can read this paper here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159125002163