08/23/2026
Awesome article ๐ I talk about this in my classes
COUNTERCONDITIONING: IT'S BOTH MAGIC AND SCIENCE!
Counterconditioning is a wonderful skill to learn, as it can make a tremendous difference to our shy and sensitive dogs. In fact, if it werenโt so firmly rooted in science and learning theory, I would even say it were magic! It can help us change the negative feelings our dogs harbour towards things which worry them into positive ones, therefore reducing fear and stress, as well as improving their quality of life.
The great thing about counterconditioning is that nothing is required of the dog, except that he is aware of the trigger, which is presented at a neutral level of exposure. However! Although pairing a stressor with something the dog values highly is a simple enough concept, in practice, the mechanics and timing are difficult to get right, and there are some pitfalls which need to be navigated and avoided.
There is often a great deal of confusion and misunderstanding when it comes to counterconditioning, and Iโm not just referring to dog guardians. Many professionals struggle to fully grasp the intricacies, and I have seen comments from some stating that the timing of food delivery doesnโt matter. (It does, and it matters a lot!) The distance at which we work, the order of events and the timing of the treats are crucial.
It is also important to understand the way in which our dogs learn. In classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, they learn by associating one stimulus with another. When we address the emotions, therefore tackling the root cause of the behaviour, we pair a trigger with something pleasant to create a positive conditioned emotional response. Operant conditioning is teaching and asking for behaviours, with the dog learning through consequences of their actions, referred to as ABC. There is an antecedent, such as a verbal cue, a behaviour from the dog, and a consequence, such as a tasty treat.
To confuse matters, counterconditioning can be classical or operant, but if we are to take a truly dog-centred approach, we need to fully address the emotions via a classical approach. If we are looking into counterconditioning, it is because we want to undo existing learning which has caused our dog to have big feelings and a negative conditioned emotional response to something.
When counterconditioning, reinforcement should not be contingent on our dog performing a sit, a look, or anything else. The trigger predicts the food, and we feed - thatโs it, we donโt need to involve any elements of operant conditioning. If we do not maintain this, we muddy the waters, diluting and slowing down the entire process. Asking for behaviours can be added in later, once we have addressed how the dog is feeling and provided him with the necessary coping skills.
Timing is essential if our dog is to make the associations we intend. When counterconditioning, we must wait until our dog is aware of the trigger before feeding. Wait a couple of seconds, then start to feed, making sure that you donโt block his line of sight. The food must come afterwards to ensure that the trigger predicts the treats, and not the other way around, otherwise reverse conditioning will occur. If the food appears before the trigger, it will become โpoisonedโ by creating a negative association, because the treats will become a predictor of the scary thing.
Counterconditioning paired with systematic desensitisation is absolutely fantastic for modifying behaviour, but there are quite a few pitfalls, other than those mentioned. Why not check out my two part blog to help clean up your counterconditioning and ensure you avoid those errors?
Letโs help those reactive Rovers and feisty Fidos feel safe by supercharging your counterconditioning!
https://www.trailiepawsforthought.com/post/part-one-a-guide-to-counterconditioning-it-s-both-magic-and-science
https://www.trailiepawsforthought.com/post/part-two-common-mistakes-when-counterconditioning-let-s-supercharge-your-skills
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Image shows a white husky-type dog enthusiastically taking a treat from a person's hand.