05/11/2026
The body: beyond medicine and exercise
When we think about a dogâs health, we often think about veterinary care.
Vaccines.
Medications.
Injuries.
Routine checkups.
And when we think about fitness, we often think about exercise.
Walks.
Runs.
Trips to the dog park. Rounds of fetch. Even treadmills for dogs are a thing in the 21st century.
But in animal welfare science, the Third Domain of Animal Welfare - Health & Fitness - goes much deeper than medicine and exercise alone.
In the Five Domains model described by Mellor and colleagues, this domain considers the entire functioning of the brain-body system.
We know how Health & Fitness can influence how animals feel in their bodies and how it can influence behavior. We appreciate the importance of referring canine clients to their vets when we suspect any medical problems.
But the relationship goes both ways in animal welfare science.
Compromised physical Health and Fitness (and related pain, vulnerability, weakness, exhaustion, distress, etc.) can strongly influence an animalâs ability to thrive from Nutrition, cope with their Physical Environment, navigate Behavioral Interactions, & experience a healthy Mental State.
At the same time, experiences arising from these other domains can also influence Health & Fitness:
âŞUnnatural, improper, or insufficient diets in Nutrition can foster obesity, digestive diseases, and cascades of other physiological & emotional consequences for welfare.
âŞOverstimulating Physical Environments with noxious sensory information and nothing but floors and concrete to walk on can stress the mind, tax joints, & weaken bodies.
âŞBehavioral Interactions with the environment or others that consistently frustrate, overwhelm, depress, and restrict natural behaviors and adaptations can create chronic stress and undermine wellness
âŞPoor Mental State is not only a reflection of poor welfare - it does, itself, contribute to it directly as well
Over the next few posts we will share Welfare Fun Facts and Welfare Hacks exploring how physical health, movement, strength, comfort, and biological integrity contribute to a dogâs welfare.
Follow along.